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Fig. 1 | Human Genomics

Fig. 1

From: The causal relationship between COVID-19 and seventeen common digestive diseases: a two-sample, multivariable Mendelian randomization study

Fig. 1

This figure is a flow chart of the article. ① Z: effects of exposure on possible mediators, X: effects of exposure on outcome, X1: effect of exposure on the outcome after adjusting for potential mediators, Y: effect of potential mediators on the outcome after adjusting for exposure; ② MR satisfies the following three assumptions: (1) there is a strong association between the instrumental variable A and the exposure factor B; (2) the instrumental variable A is not associated with any confounding factors D that are related to the association between A and B–C; (3) the instrumental variable A does not affect the outcome C unless it is possibly achieved through its association with the exposure B

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Human Genomics

ISSN: 1479-7364