Fig. 3

Proteome analysis after treatment with HME. A MDS plot analysis of LC/MS–MS results in HepG2 and Ls174 cells after treatment with seaweed extract. Each dot corresponds to a separate technical replicate, colours summarize different biological replicates. PC: principal component. B Heatmap plot illustrating protein alterations in HepG2 cells with and without treatment. Protein levels were log2 transformed and shown as normalized z-score. C Volcano plot pinpointing the statistically significant differentially expressed proteins in HepG2 cells after treatment with the seaweed extract. Y-axis represents p-value after − log10 transformation, x-axis corresponds to log2 transformed fold change in protein levels. D Venn diagram showing the integration of HepG2 and Ls174 statistically significant protein alterations in response to seaweed treatment. Asterisks mark statistical significance based on a hypergeometric test. E Deregulogram plot showing the unidirectional change of the commonly affected proteins in Ls174 and HepG2. Both axes correspond to log2 fold change of treated vs untreated cells. F Dot plot summarizing gene ontology results of biological function for the statistically significant alterations in protein levels. Dot size corresponds to number of DE proteins and colour corresponds to statistical significance for each cellular function