Figure 2
From: Improved drug therapy: triangulating phenomics with genomics and metabolomics
A clinical example of the proposed integrated method for predicting drug response. (1) Patients are given 10Â mg of hydrocodone. (2) Clinical phenotypes are captured fully and completely. These may include (among others) development of ADRs, chronicity of treatment, ethnic differences, and demographic factors. (3) Association studies may contribute to characterization of the clinical phenotypes (e.g. RNA-sequencing may help distinguish chronicity of treatment). (4) The drug response is categorized into phenotypically pertinent groups. (5) Relevant biological pathways are identified and linked by individual metabolomic markers. (6) Stratification of drug response is refined by accounting for biological pathway polymorphisms and controlled for phenotypic variables captured in #2 above. (7) The final stepwise model is built, allowing for a high, although not perfect, receiver operating characteristic (ROC).